Mold and Allergies: What You Need to Know

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Mold is a common household issue that can significantly impact indoor air quality and, for many, trigger allergic reactions. Understanding the connection between mold and allergies is crucial for maintaining a healthy living environment.

What is Mold?

Mold is a type of fungus that thrives in damp, warm conditions. It reproduces by releasing spores into the air, which can easily spread throughout a home. While some molds are harmless, others can produce allergens and irritants that affect sensitive individuals.

How Does Mold Affect Allergies?

For those with mold allergies, exposure can lead to a range of symptoms, including:

  • Sneezing
  • Runny or stuffy nose
  • Itchy or watery eyes
  • Coughing
  • Skin rashes

In some cases, exposure can also exacerbate asthma symptoms, making it difficult to breathe.

Common Sources of Mold

Mold can grow in various places around the home, particularly in areas with high humidity or moisture. Common sources include:

  • Bathrooms
  • Basements
  • Kitchens
  • Areas with water leaks or flooding

Prevention and Control

To minimize mold growth and its effects on allergies, consider these preventive measures:

  1. Maintain Humidity Levels: Keep indoor humidity below 50% by using dehumidifiers and proper ventilation.
  2. Fix Leaks Promptly: Address any leaks in plumbing or roofing to prevent moisture accumulation.
  3. Clean Regularly: Regular cleaning of surfaces, especially in bathrooms and kitchens, can help prevent mold buildup.
  4. Use Mold-Resistant Products: Consider mold-resistant paints and building materials, particularly in high-moisture areas.

When to Seek Help

If you notice significant mold growth or experience persistent allergy symptoms, it may be time to consult a professional. A comprehensive mold test can lead to discovery of the issue and identify the type of mold which will then aid in finding the origin. Mold remediation experts can assess the situation and safely remove mold, ensuring your home is a healthy space. Having mold remediation completed improperly can lead to cross contamination and only exacerbate the issue, so doing your due diligence by finding a qualified mold removal contractor can save you time and money while also limiting your exposure to mold.

What is Fusarium?

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Fusarium species are ubiquitous and may be found in the soil, air and on plants. Fusarium species can cause mycotoxicosis in humans following ingestion of food that has been colonized by the fungal organism. In humans, Fusarium species can also cause disease that is localized, focally invasive or disseminated. The pathogen generally affects immunocompromised individuals with infection of immunocompetent persons being rarely reported. Localized infection includes septic arthritis, endophthalmitis, osteomyelitis, cystitis and brain abscess. In these situations relatively good response may be expected following appropriate surgery and oral antifungal therapy. Disseminated infection occurs when two or more noncontiguous sites are involved. Over eighty cases have been reported, many of which had a hematologic malignancy including neutropenia. The species most commonly involved include Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, and Fusarium moniliforme (also termed F. verticillioides). The diagnosis of Fusarium infection may be made on histopathology, gram stain, mycology, blood culture, or serology. Portals of entry of disseminated infection include the respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract, and cutaneous sites.

The skin can be an important and an early clue to diagnosis since cutaneous lesions may be observed at an early stage of the disease and in about seventy-five cases of disseminated Fusarium infection. Typical skin lesions may be painful red or violaceous nodules, the center of which often becomes ulcerated and covered by a black eschar. The multiple necrotizing lesions are often observed on the trunk and the extremities. Onychomycosis most commonly due to F. oxysporum or F. solani has been reported. The onychomycosis may be of several types: distal and lateral subungual (DLSO), white superficial (WSO), and proximal subungual (PSO). In proximal subungual onychomycosis there may be associated leukonychia and/or periungual inflammation. Patients with Fusarium onychomycosis have been cured following therapy with itraconazole, terbinafine, ciclopirox olamine lacquer, or topical antifungal agent. In other instances nail avulsion plus antifungal therapy has been successful. In patients with hematologic malignancy or bone marrow transplant, who may experience prolonged or severe neutropenia during the course of therapy, the skin and nails should be carefully examined and consideration given to treating potential infection sites that may serve as portals for systemic dissemination. When disseminated Fusarium infection is present therapy with antifungal agents has generally been disappointing with the chances of a successful resolution being enhanced if the neutropenia can be corrected in a timely manner.

Why Blood Cleanup is Dangerous

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Many people find themselves in a horrid situation of discovering a loved one or even a tenant who may have committed suicide in a fashion where a room or multiple rooms are covered in blood. Exposure to blood may not seem to be a big deal, but on contrary, blood itself can be very hazardous to ones health and the risks involved in proper cleanup shouldn’t be overlooked. Human blood can expose individuals to MRSA, Hepatitis B and C, HIV and many other transmittable diseases. It is vital to understand not only the dangers involved in blood cleanup, but also why there are cleanup companies specifically trained to handle such situations. The proper cleanup and disposal of blood should and only be done by professionals certified, insured and also those who carry specific workers compensation packages in case an employee is exposed to blood. Hiring just anyone to handle a blood cleanup could result in a lawsuit costing you tens of thousands of dollars or more, so ensuring you do you due diligence will protect you and your home from potential lawsuits.

What are Bloodborne Pathogens?

Bloodborne pathogens are infectious microorganisms in human blood that can cause disease in humans. These pathogens include, but are not limited to, hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Needlesticks and other sharps-related injuries may expose workers to bloodborne pathogens. In blood cleanup, an open wound or a function in the skin and then exposure to blood could result in an infection, so properly trained workers are aware and prepared to limit their exposure by using the proper personal protective equipment, PPE.

Consult the Professionals.

When you are faced with the terrible situation of having blood cleanup, there are companies who can help. Certified Crime & Trauma Scene Cleanup companies are specifically trained to help you get through the most difficult time with as little stress as possible, also while showing compassion and discretion. If you do need a cleanup from any type of loss which results in the spread of bodily fluid and thusly creating a potential risk of disease, you will be better suited to call a professional rather than trying to do the cleaning yourself. And most insurance carriers do have coverage for these types of losses, which can be costly depending on the scope of work needed.

How Mold Effects Us

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After pollens, molds are the leading cause of outdoor airborne allergies, which can recur year-round. Some of the most common symptoms of those sensitive to molds include nasal stuffiness, eye irritation, wheezing, cold and flu-like symptoms, rashes, conjunctivitis, inability to concentrate, and fatigue. Mold exposure has also been associated with asthma onset. Symptoms usually disappear when the mold is removed. However, under certain conditions, exposure to mold can cause serious health problems. Some people with chronic illnesses, such as obstructive lung disease, for example, may develop mold infections in their lungs. Also, some people exposed to large amounts of mold at work, such as farmers working with moldy hay, may develop even more severe reactions, including fever and shortness of breath. Some molds are toxic, producing chemicals called “mycotoxins,” which in large doses may affect human health, usually by causing allergy-like symptoms such as watery eyes or eye irritation, runny nose and sneezing or nasal congestion, wheezing and difficulty breathing, aggravation of asthma, coughing, itching, or rashes.

Other health problems that have been linked to mold exposure involve the odors produced by mold “volatiles” during the degradation of substrates. These have been discovered to irritate mucous membranes, and they have been associated with a number of symptoms from headaches and nausea to fatigue in individuals exposed to them. For those suffering from multiple chemical sensitivities, the simple presence of these microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) can trigger a reaction just as strong and serious as exposure to chemical VOCs. Fungi or microorganisms related to them may cause other health problems similar to allergy. Some kinds of Aspergillus especially may cause several different illnesses, including both infections and allergy. These fungi may lodge in the airways or a distant part of the lung and grow until they form a compact sphere known as a “fungus ball.” In people with lung damage or serious underlying illnesses, Aspergillus may grasp the opportunity to invade and actually infect the lungs or the whole body.

In some individuals, exposure to these fungi can also lead to asthma or to an illness known as “allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.” This latter condition, which occurs occasionally in people with asthma, is characterized by wheezing, low-grade fever, and coughing up of brown-flecked masses or mucous plugs. Skin testing, blood tests, x-rays, and examination of the sputum for fungi can help establish the diagnosis. Corticosteroid drugs are usually effective in treating this reaction; immunotherapy (allergy shots) is not helpful. The occurrence of allergic aspergillosis suggests that other fungi might cause similar respiratory conditions. Inhalation of spores from fungus-like bacteria, called “actinomycetes,” and from mold can cause a lung disease called “hypersensitivity pneumonitis.” This condition is often associated with specific occupations. For example, farmer’s lung disease results from inhaling spores growing in moldy hay and grains in silos. Occasionally, “hypersensitivity pneumonitis” develops in people who live or work where an air conditioning or a humidifying unit that is contaminated with these spores emits them.

The symptoms of “hypersensitivity pneumonitis” may resemble those of a bacterial or viral infection such as the flu. Bouts of chills, fever, weakness, muscle pains, cough, and shortness of breath develop 4 to 8 hours after exposure to the offending organism. The symptoms gradually disappear when the source of exposure is removed and the area properly ventilated. If it is not removed, workers having to be in those contaminated areas must wear a protective mask with a filter capable of removing spores or change jobs. If “hypersensitivity pneumonitis” is allowed to progress, it can lead to serious heart and lung problems. Also, air with a high concentration of fungal spores of a number of different types of molds may contain toxins that, when breathed over a long period of time, may result in a kind of poisoning. Stachybotrys atra, a mold that is commonly found on wet cellulose products (for example, drywall) and is causing growing concern among physicians, is one of these molds. In one recent study, it was linked to lung bleeding in infants. This mold has also been linked to sudden infant death syndrome and to central nervous system symptoms such as personality changes, sleep disorders, and memory loss.

What is Alternaria?

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Alternaria is one of the most important allergenic molds found in the US. It is most common as an outdoor mold, as it thrives on various types of vegetation. Alternaria spores can be detected from Spring through late Fall in most temperate areas, and can reach levels of thousands of spores per cubic meter of air. While one usually thinks of molds as a problem in damp or even wet conditions, Alternaria spores can be at their highest concentrations during dry, windy conditions that are ideal for the spores to become airborne.

Alternaria is one of the most common outdoor molds, but also has been found in the indoor environment. The National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing conducted a study looking at house dust samples from 831 homes in 75 different locations throughout the US. Alternaria was found in over 90% of those dust samples. While much of that allergenic load was probably due to outdoor Alternaria finding its way inside, Alternaria is known to grow on moist surfaces in the home as well.

Alternaria is known to be a problem in allergic disease. In patients who show allergy to molds, up to 70% of those patients demonstrate allergy to Alternaria, and Alternaria is known to be a risk factor for asthma. Dampness and mold problems have been reported to occur in 20 – 50% of modern homes. Additionally, keep in mind that mold spores often outnumber pollen spores by 1,000 to one, and mold can produce spores for months on end, versus the weeks of pollen production by many allergenic plants.

Mold Prevention, Health Risks, and Solutions

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Mold is a common yet troublesome issue for any home or business owner. Understanding mold, its effects, and how to manage it can save you from health problems, costly repairs and downtime from running your business. This quick guide covers essential information about mold, including what it is, why it grows, and how to prevent and address it effectively.

What is Mold?

Mold is a type of fungus that thrives in moist environments. It reproduces through tiny spores that float in the air and settle on damp surfaces. Common types of mold include:

  • Aspergillus/Penicillium 
  • Cladosporium
  • Chaetomium 
  • Stachybotrys (Black Mold)

These molds can grow on various materials like wood, paper, and fabric when conditions are right.

How Does Mold Grow?

For mold to thrive, it requires three primary conditions:

  1. Moisture: Mold needs water to grow. Common sources of moisture include leaks, high humidity, and poor ventilation.
  2. Organic Material: Mold feeds on organic substances. Common household items such as wood, drywall, and fabric can provide a food source.
  3. Temperature: Mold grows best in warm environments, though it can also survive in cooler conditions.

Health Risks Associated with Mold

Exposure to mold can cause a range of health issues, particularly for individuals with allergies or respiratory conditions. Potential health effects include:

  • Allergic Reactions: Symptoms such as sneezing, itchy eyes, and runny nose.
  • Respiratory Problems: Coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing.
  • Skin Irritations: Rashes and itching.

In severe cases, mold can lead to chronic respiratory conditions and infections. It’s important to address mold problems promptly to minimize health risks.

How to Prevent Mold Growth

Preventing mold involves controlling moisture and maintaining a clean environment. Follow these tips to keep mold at bay:

  1. Control Indoor Humidity: Use dehumidifiers and air conditioners to maintain humidity levels below 60%.
  2. Fix Leaks: Repair any leaks in roofs, pipes, or walls immediately to prevent water accumulation.
  3. Ventilate Properly: Ensure good ventilation in areas like bathrooms and kitchens to reduce moisture buildup.
  4. Clean and Dry: Promptly clean and dry any spills or leaks within 24-48 hours.
  5. Regular Inspections: Check areas prone to moisture, such as basements and attics, for signs of mold growth.

How to Remove Mold

If you discover mold in your home, it’s essential to address it promptly. Here’s a basic guide to mold removal:

  1. Small Areas: For minor mold issues, clean affected areas with a mixture of water and detergent. Use protective gear like gloves and a mask.
  2. Large Areas: For extensive mold growth, it’s best to consult a professional mold remediation service. They have the expertise and equipment to handle large infestations safely and effectively.

Conclusion

Understanding mold and taking proactive measures to prevent its growth can protect your home and health. By controlling moisture, maintaining proper ventilation, and addressing issues quickly, you can minimize the risk of mold and its associated problems. For persistent or severe mold issues, seek professional help to ensure a thorough and effective remediation process.

Sick Building Syndrome

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Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) is a term commonly used for non-specific symptoms that are temporally related to occupancy of a particular building. When building-related symptoms are characteristic of a specific clinical entity, they are called Building Related Illness (BRI). These illnesses are varied, and include Legionnaires’ disease, building related hypersensitivity pneumonitis, building-related asthma, and others.

SBS symptoms include mucous membrane irritation (cough, scratchy throat, stuffy sinuses, and itchy eyes), headache, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and other non-specific symptoms. The causes of SBS vary with the building and its occupants. SBS was once called “Tight Building Syndrome” and was considered to be a result of excess tightening of buildings in response to energy use concerns. However, many buildings with an excess of symptoms among the occupants are well ventilated. Still, increase in ventilation rates is often the “cure” for the problem.

Some people consider that SBS is caused not by the physical environment, but, rather, by psychosocial factors. Gender, lack of control, poor management, too much work, too little work, perceived housekeeping quality, and many other social factors have been blamed for the symptoms. In some cases, psychosocial factors may be the major cause of complaints. However, clearly, in some cases, environmental factors are at fault. For example, paper dust, and photocopier use have both been related to increases in complaints in a dose-dependent way. An excess of volatile organic compounds have been blamed for SBS symptoms. However, one study attributed this effect to the perception of odors at VOC concentrations far below those that would be likely to have an effect. These authors discuss the possibility that reactive chemistry might produce irritants that might be responsible for some symptoms.

Mold contamination has clearly been related to cases of BRI. However, its relationship to SBS is less clear. A Swedish study documented that dampness in residential buildings was associated with SBS symptoms with symptoms increasing with the number of dampness indicators present. Whether or not mold growth was responsible for these symptoms remains unknown. An extremely interesting study exposed people to measured doses of airborne fungal spores from growth on building materials. In this study, symptoms were similar among the two fungi studied AND for the placebo tests, indicating no specific effect of the spores. Mycotoxins have not been measured in quantities sufficient to cause the normal SBS symptoms, and the data regarding the role of mycotoxins in indoor air remain equivocal.

Most Common Mold Symptoms

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Mold allergies are easily treatable when properly diagnosed, so it is important for individuals who suspect their symptoms may be related to mold to consult with an allergy specialist or a physician to determine an appropriate course of treatment. Taking steps such as repairing water leaks and installing dehumidifiers in the home can also help to hinder mold growth and relieve mold allergy symptoms. Understanding what causes mold allergies and taking preventative measures to avoid exposure are essential in managing symptoms.

Itching Eyes

Itching eyes are a common allergic symptom that can develop following exposure to mold spores, pet dander and seasonal pollens. Individuals who experience itching eyes during wet or humid weather or when moisture levels are high inside the home may be suffering from mold allergy symptoms.

Stuffy Nose & Post Nasal Drip

Nasal congestion is a common mold allergy symptom that is often triggered after periods of wet weather or when an individual is exposed to mold spores in the home. When nasal stuffiness occurs, it is often accompanied by postnasal drip, a condition in which nasal secretions run down the back of the throat. Additional symptoms of postnasal drip include bad breath and coughing.

Itching Throat

Individuals with mold allergies may also experience an itching sensation in the throat. Itching throat symptoms are typically caused by postnasal drip, but can also be a symptom of a serious allergic reaction that can lead to throat swelling if left untreated. It is important for sufferers to seek medical attention if itching throat symptoms are present to ensure prompt treatment.

Sinus Headaches

Mold spores can cause the sinuses to become congested, which in turn can trigger sinus headaches in individuals with mold allergies. Sinus headaches cause pain and pressure in the forehead and sinus cavities. In certain cases, sinus pressure can also cause tooth and ear pain. Sinus headaches tend to worsen when lying down.

Exacerbated Asthma Symptoms

Individuals with mold allergies who also suffer from asthma may experience exacerbated asthma symptoms when exposed to mold. Asthma symptoms include chest tightness, wheezing and coughing. Anyone experiencing a severe asthma attack following possible mold exposure should seek immediate medical attention.

Long & Short Term Effects of Mold

The type and severity of health effects that result from mold exposure is widely variable among different locations, from person to person and over time. Although difficult to predict, exposure to molds growing indoors is most often associated with the following allergy symptoms:

Nasal and sinus congestion
Cough/sore throat
Chest tightness
Dyspnea (breathing difficulty)
Asthma (or exacerbation of it)
Epistaxis (nosebleed)
Upper respiratory tract infections
Headache
Skin and eye irritation

Long-term exposure to indoor molds is certainly unhealthy to anyone, but some groups will develop more severe symptoms sooner than others, including:

Infants and children
Elderly people
Individuals with respiratory conditions, allergies and/or asthma

Some indoor molds are capable of producing extremely potent toxins (mycotoxins) that are lipid-soluble and readily absorbed by the intestinal lining, airways, and skin. These agents, usually contained in the fungal spores, have toxic effects ranging from short-term irritation to immunosuppression and cancer.

More severe symptoms that could result from continuous human exposure to indoor mycotoxigenic molds include:

Cancer (aflatoxin best characterized as potential human carcinogen)
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis/pulmonary fibrosis
Pulmonary injury/hemosiderosis (bleeding)
Neurotoxicity
Hematologic and immunologic disorders
Hepatic, endocrine and/or renal toxicities
Pregnancy, gastrointestinal and/or cardiac conditions

It is important to notice that the clinical relevance of mycotoxins under realistic airborne exposure levels is not fully established. Further, some or much of the supporting evidence for these other health effects is based on case studies rather than controlled studies, studies that have not yet been reproduced or involve symptoms that are subjective.